McDermott+Ch.8+Studyguide


 * 1) =McDermott Ch.8 Study guide=

__Peter Salem a patriot.__
Peter Salem was one of 500 slaves who fought in the __Revolutionary War__. Peter Salem was born a slave in Framingham, Massachusetts in 1750. Salem was freed by his owner in order to fight in theContinental Army in the Revolutionary War and joined Edgell's minuteman company. Peter Salem died a patriot. Peter Salem died in the Framingham poorhouse on Aug. 16, 1816 and was buried in and unmarked grave at the Old Burying Ground in Framingham.



__The Second Continental Congress.__
On May, 10 1775 the leaders of the Second Continental Congress met at the State House in Philadelphia. There were several new delegates including: John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. The Second Continental Congress meeting started with the battle of Lexington and Concord fresh in their memories. The Second Continental Congress established the militia as the Continental Army to represent the thirteen states. They also elected George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.

__The Battle of Yorktown__
The Battle of Yorktown was one of the last battles of the American Revolutionary War.The battle lasted 20 days and ended with British Gen.Charles Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781. It first started months earlier when Cornwallis made an unauthorized move north to Virginia. The Battle of Yorktown, also named the Siege of Yorktown, is recognized as one of the most skillful military actions in history.

__Friedrich von Steuben__
Friedrich Wilhelm Rudolf Gerhard August, Freiherr von Steuben, a Prussian military officer, arrives at GeneralGeorge Washington's encampment at Valley Forge on this day in 1778 and commences training soldiers in close-order drill, instilling new confidence and discipline in the demoralized Continental Army. Von Steuben, who did not speak English, drafted a drill manual in French, which Alexander Hamilton and Nathanael Greene then translated into English. The Prussian drill techniques he shared were far more advanced than those of other European armies, let alone those of the ragtag Patriots. The ego-crushing methods of modern boot camp were practiced among the shoeless soldiers of Valley Forge with remarkable efficacy.

__Treaty of Paris__
Although Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown in the Fall of 1781 marked the end of the Revolutionary War, minor battles between the British and the colonists continued for another two years. Finally, in February of 1783 George III issued his Proclamation of Cessation of Hostilities, culminating in the Peace Treaty of 1783. Signed in Paris on September 3, 1783, the agreement — also known as the Paris Peace Treaty — formally ended the United States War for Independence. Representing the United States were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay, all of whom signed the treaty. In addition to giving formal recognition to the U.S., the nine articles that embodied the treaty: established U.S. boundaries, specified certain fishing rights, allowed creditors of each country to be paid by citizens of the other, restored the rights and property of Loyalists, opened up the Mississippi River to citizens of both nations and provided for evacuation of all British forces.

__Mercenaries__
A mercenary is a person who gives alliegance to a prince, potentate, power or other sovereign. The modern definition considers a mercenary to be someone who takes part in an armed conflict based on the promise of material compensation rather than having a direct interest in, or a legal obligation to, the conflict itself. The 1977 Protocol I, additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 defines a //mercenary//as being "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the armed forces of that Party. As a result of the assumption that a mercenary is essentially motivated by money, the term //mercenary//usually carries negative connotations.

__Phillis Wheatley__
Phillis Wheatley was born inSenegal, Africa 1753 and sold as a slave at seven years old to John and Susannah Wheatly of Boston. Originally bought by the Wheatley household she was shortly clamed a member of their family. Phillis Wheatley wrote poems that George Washington praised. Phillis Wheatley died in a boarding home in Boston, Massachusetts. She was only 31 years old when she died.

__The Olive Branch Petition__
King George III could not have foreseen that ignoring the Olive Branch Petition would cost him all his land in the America, so recently secured from French invasion during the Seven Year War. The Olive Branch Petition was created by the Second Continental Congress. The Olive Branch Petition was created because the patriots wanted to make peace with the king. The Olive Branch Petition was written on Aug.21 1775.

__George Washington__
George Washington served as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia 1775. Washington was a general in one of the greatest battles in history called the Battle of Yorktown. General Washington led the Continental Army. Washington also led the his army through the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey.

__The Battle of Saratoga__
On September 19, 1777 the Royal army advanced upon the American camp in three separate columns within the present day towns of Stillwater and Saratoga. Two of them headed through the heavy forests covering the region; the third, composed of German troops, marched down the river road. American scouts detected Burgoyne's army in motion and notified Gates, who ordered Col. Daniel Morgan's corps of Virginia riflemen to track the British march. About 12:30 p.m., some of Morgan's men brushed with the advance guard of Burgoyne's center column in a clearing known as the Freeman Farm, about a mile north of the American camp. The general battle that followed swayed back and forth over the farm for more than three hours. The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga, New York. 17 October 1777. Painting by John Trumbull.

__Thomas Jefferson__
Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the Declaration of Independance and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom.He was third president of the United States, and founder of the University of Virginia—who voiced the aspirations of a new America as no other individual of his era. As public official, historian, philosopher, and plantation owner, he served his country for over five decades.ThomasJefferson published most of the Dec eclaration of Independance, but he didn't do it all. The other people were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman.

__Mary Slocumb__
The first expedition into North Carolina projected by Lord Cornwallis, was baffledby the fall of Colonel Ferguson at King’s Mountain. “There are rifles and muskets,” said he, “as well as pistols; and too many to pass unnoticed. Order boots and saddles, and you, captain, take your troop in the direction of the firing. "Mary J. Slocumb, 76, of Columbus, died Friday, April 30, 2010. Visitation 6-8 p.m. Wednesday, May 5, 2010 at SCHOEDINGER NORTHWEST CHAPEL, 1740 Zollinger Rd., Columbus.

__Quakers__
Quakers were people who believed war was bad. Quakers are also called pacifists. Quakers were called enemies by loyalists and patriots.

__Thomas Paine__
On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea. This adventure didn't last too long, and by 1768 he found himself as an excise (tax) officer in England. Thomas didn't exactly excel at the role, getting discharged from his post twice in four years, but as an inkling of what was to come, he published //The Case of the Officers of Excise//(1772), arguing for a pay raise for officers. In 1774, by happenstance, he met Benjamin Franklin in London, who helped him emigrate to Philadelphia. Paine discovered that his contributions to the American Revolution had been all but eradicated due to his religious views. Derided by the public and abandoned by his friends, he died on June 8, 1809 at the age of 72 in New York City.

__Thaddeus Kosciuszko__
Thaddeus Kosciuszko was born in Poland on February 4, 1746, son of Ludwik and Tekla Kosciuszko. He attended school in Lubieszow and then the Cadet Academy in Warsaw before continuing his engineering studies in Paris, France. By the time Kosciuszko arrived in America from Poland in 1776, he was a skilled engineer who came to offer his services to the American colonies in their struggle for independence. On October 18, 1776 Kosciuszko was commissioned as Colonel of Engineers by the Continental Congress and began his outstanding service of fortifying battle sites, many of which became turning points in America's fight for independence against the British. Kosciuszko spent the last years of his life in Switzerland, where on October 15, 1817 he died at the age of 72. He is buried in Wawel Castle, in Krakow, Poland, among the tombs of the Polish Kings.

__4 parts of the Declaration of Independence__
The **Declaration of Independence** has four parts. The **Preamble** is the introduction. It tells why the Declaration of Independence was written. It explains that sometimes people must form a new nation. To do this, they must also have very good reasons.

The second part of the Declaration of Independence listed the **rights** of all people. It states all people are equal, and have the rights to **life**, **liberty**, and **the pursuit of happiness**. These rights cannot be taken away. When a government tries to take these rights away from the people, the people have the right to change the government. The people can then form a new government that gives these rights to the people.

The third and longest part of the Declaration of Independence lists the part ends by saying the King of England was **"unfit to be the ruler of a free**
 * grievances** or unfair actions of the King and Parliament. It also lists the
 * steps taken** by the colonies to settle their differences with Britain. The third
 * people."**

The fourth part of the Declaration of Independence states that the 13 colonies are **free and independent states**. It breaks all ties with Britain and says the 13 states have the right to make war and peace, to trade, and to do all the things free countries can do. media type="custom" key="11862096"