Joseph+chapter+8+study+guide

Chapter 8 study guide
== Peter Salem was among at least five Africans who fought at Concord with the Minutemen. A few weeks later he and other Africans, both free and enslaved, fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Boston Massachusetts. About 5,000 Africans fought in the Continental army during the Revolutionary War.==

== Second Continental Congress The Patriots sent a letter called the Olive Branch Petition to King George III, telling him of their deesire for peace and asking him to repeal the Intolerable Acts. When the Redcoats fired into the Boston crowd in 1775, the benefit of the doubt was granted.==

== Battle of Yorktown in a stunning reversal of fortune that may signal the end of fighting in American coloines,Charles Lord Cornwallis today signed orders surrendering his British Army to a combined French and American force outside the Virginia tobacco port of Yorktown. The Battle of Yorktown was one of the last battles of the American Revoulutionary War. Charles Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.==

== Friedrich von Steuben At Valley Forge during the winter of 1777, von Steuben reported to Washingtonand took on the job of drilling the Continental Army so that the soldiers would be ready to move quickly. the Patriots received some help from soldiers of other countries. Among these soldiers were two Polish officers, Casimir Pulaski and Thaddeus Kosciuszko.== == Treaty of Paris Although cornwallis' surrendered at Yorktown in the Fall of 1781 marked the end of the Revolutionary War,minor battles between the British and the coloniest continued for another two years. Finally, in February of 1783 George III issued his Proclamation of Cessation of Hostilities, cluminating in the Peace Treaty of 1783. Signed in Paris on September 3, 1783, the agreement -- also known as the Paris Peace Treaty -- formally ended the United States War for Independence.== == Mercenaries The British used mercenaries, or hired soldiers, to fight on their side. But the British had problems, too. It was hard to fight a war that was 3,000 miles from home. They had trouble getting supplies across the Atlantic Ocean. Unlike George Washington's army of mostly first-time soldiers, the British army was made up of professional soldiers.== == Phillis Wheatley When she was five or six years old, a young African girl, probably born in the country of Sengal, was kidnapped and enslaved. She was taken to Boston and sold to John Wheatly in 1761. Unike many other slave owners, Wheatly educated the young girl and then freed her. Phillis Wheatly, who took the last name of her owner,was one of the earliest American poets.== == Olive Branch Petition The Olive Branch Petition, also known as //The Second Petition to the King// (because a previous petition had been sent by the First Continental Conngress and The //Humble Petition//, was written twice before it was given to King George. The first draft was written by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Rutledge, John Jay, and William Livingston. When it was first presented to the commite of congress on June 24, 1775, it was not approved. Congress sent the petiton back to its writers, which had mainly been written by Benjamin Franklin himself.== == George Washington By spring of 1778 the soliders had been trained and were marching well. His famous nickname was Father of the country. George was the fifth of Augustine Washington's ten children, the first four were mothered by Augustine's first wife, Jane Butler, two of whom did not sirvive to adulthood, the next six childeren were mothered by Mary Ball, including George, all of ==

== Battle of Saratoga The Revolutionary War is enshrined in American memory as the beginning of a new nation born in freedom. During the summer of 1776, a powerful army under British General Sir Wiliam Howe invaded the New York City area. His professional troops defeated and oumaneuvered General George Washington's less trained forces. == == Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Declaration of Independence. he was born in April 13,1743, Shadwell plantation, Goochland County, Virginia. He died in July 4,1826, Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virgina. His nickname was Man of the People. He was buried in Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia. He was the author and the writer of the Declaration of Independence. ==