Mongiello+chapter+8+study+guide

= __//**Peter Salmen**//__ = Peter Salem was born a slave to Jeremiah Belknap at Framingham, Massachusetts about 1750. Peter Salem served at Concord, Saratoga and Stony Point. He is traditionally given credit for the slaying of British Major Pitcairn at Bunker Hill. It is said that Peter Salem’s likeness appears in John Trumbell’s “The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill,” although another black patriot, Salem Poor, also fought in the battle and was formally written up for commendation by his comrades in arms for his acts of heroism at the Battle of Charlestown.

= __//**Second Continental Congress**//__ = On May 10, 1775, the members of the Second Continental Congress met at the State House in Philadelphia. There were several new delegates including: John Hancock from Massachusetts, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, and Benjamin Franklin from Pennsylvania. The Second Continental Congress meeting started with the battle of Lexington and Concord fresh in their memories. The New England militia were still encamped outside of Boston trying to drive the British out of Boston.

= __//**Battle of Yorktown**//__ = British General Clinton along with another general, Lord Cornwallis sailed from New York with a fleet of 90 ships and 850 soldiers to take control of the south. The British had several major victories. After winning the Battle of Savannah in December 1778, the British troops moved on Charleston,South Carolina. Although Washington sent more troops to support Charleston, the American army was eventually force to surrender. Following the victory, Clinton returned to New York leaving General Cornwallis in command.

= __//**Friedrich Von Steuben**//__ = When forty-seven year old General Friedrich von Steuben first came to George Washington's camp at Valley Forge in February, he is said to have been horrified. He commented that no European army would have survived the same conditions. There was no discipline — as "volunteers" soldiers came and went as they pleased and they left battles when they felt like it.After the war von Seuben helped demobilize the American army. He also helped to form the defense plan for the United States. In March, 1784, he was made an American citizen by the Pennsylvania legislature.

= __//**Treaty of Paris**//__ = Commissioners from the United States and Spain met in Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war after six months of hostilities. The **Treaty of Paris**, often called the **Peace of Paris**, or the **Treaty of 1763**, was signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britan, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indean War/Seven Years ' War.

= __//**Mercenaries**//__ = Mercenaries was traditionally considered a person who owed allegiance and/or was subject to a prince, potentate, power or other sovereign, and who fought for a foreign sovereign or power in return for monetary gain. Modern international lawyers have sought to come with a different definition which nonetheless has only blurred and confused the definition. The modern definition considers a mercenary to be someone who takes part in an armed conflict based on the promise of material compensation rather than having a direct interest in, or a legal obligation to, the conflict itself.

= __//**Phillis Wheatley**//__ = Phillis Wheatley  was born in Senegal in about 1753. She was captured by slave traders and brought to America in 1761. Purcha sed by John Wheatley, a tailor from Boston, Phillis was taught to read by one of Wheatley's daughters. Phillis studied English, Latin and Greek and in 1767 began writing poetry . Her first poem, on the death of George Whitefeild, was published in 1770 After the death of John Wheatley and his wife, Phillis married John Peters, a free b lack man, who ran a small grocery store in Boston. The business was unsuccessful and Phillis was forced to find work as a servant. Phillis Wheatley  died in poverty in Boston on 5th December, 1784.

= __//**Olive Branch Petition **//__ = Even though the war had already started, the Americans still had not declared their independence. With the Olive Branch Petition, they made one last attempt to find a peaceful end to the revolution. Even though the war had already started, the Americans still had not declared their independence. With the Olive Branch Petition, they made one last attempt to find a peaceful end to the revolution.

= __//**George Washington**//__ = The first president of the United States, George Washington, is often referred to as the Father of Our Country . He was known for his love of the land and farming, and his dislike of war. He was a distinguished general and commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution. He married a widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, and they lived at Mount Vernon, Washington's plantation in Virginia on the Potomac River.

= __//**Battle of Saratoga**//__ = The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the Revolutionary War. The scope of the victory is made clear by a few key facts: On October 17, 1777, 5,895 British and Hessian troops surrendered their arms. General John Burgoyne had lost 86 percent of his expeditionary force that had triumphantly marched into New York from Canada in the early summer of 1777. In June 1777, Burgoyne's army of over 7,000 men (half of whom were British troops and the other half Hessian troops from Brunswick and Hesse-Hanau) departed from St. Johns on Lake Champlain, bound for Fort Ticonderoga, at the southern end of the lake.

= __//**Thomas Jefferson**//__ = More than a mere renaissance man, Jefferson may actually have been a new kind of man . He was fluent in five languages and able to read two others. He wrote, over the course of his life, over sixteen thousand letters. He was acquainted with nearly every influential person in America, and a great many in Europe as well. He was a lawyer, agronomist, musician, scientist, philosopher, author, architect, inventor, and statesman. Though he never set foot outside of the American continent before adulthood, he acquired an education that rivaled the finest to be attained in Europe. He was clearly the foremost American son of the Enlightenment.

= __//**Mary Slocumb**//__ = Mary Slocumb (sometimes referred to as Polly Slocumb or Slocum) and her husband Ezekiel were real persons, this story is more myth than fact. This version of the story was apparently the first one written down, and it appeared in an 1849 book called Women of the American Revolution. Although it is written in the first person, and the author of the book claims that these are Mary Slocumb’s own words, we don’t have any way of knowing where the story actually came from.

= __//**Quakers**//__ = Quakerism's 17th century English founders envisioned it as the restoration of original Christianity, and like the first Christians, were imprisoned, tortured, and executed for their beliefs. In the 17th and 18th centuries, large numbers of Friends emigrated to the American Quaker colonies, where they formed prosperous settlements in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Delaware, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania.

= __//**Thomas Paine**//__ = On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea. This adventure didn't last too long, and by 1768 he found himself as an excise (tax) officer in England. Thomas didn't exactly excel at the role, getting discharged from his post twice in four years, but as an inkling of what was to come, he published //The Case of the Officers of Excise// (1772), arguing for a pay raise for officers. In 1774, by happenstance, he met Benjamin Franklin in London, who helped him emigrate to Philadalphia.

= __//**Thaddeus Kosciuszko**//__ = Thaddeus Kosciuszko was born in Poland on February 4, 1746, son of Ludwik and Tekla Kosciuszko. He attended school in Lubieszow and then the Cadet Academy in Warsaw before continuing his engineering studies in Paris, France. By the time Kosciuszko arrived in America from Poland in 1776, he was a skilled engineer who came to offer his services to the American colonies in their struggle for independence. On October 18, 1776 Kosciuszko was commissioned as Colonel of Engineers by the Continental Congress and began his outstanding service of fortifying battle sites, many of which became turning points in America's fight for independence against the British. Shortly after arriving in Philadelphia in 1776, Kosciuszko read the Declaration of Independence and was moved to tears because he discovered in this single, concise document everything in which he truly believed. When he discovered that Thomas Jefferson was responsible for drafting the Declaration, he felt compelled to meet him. A few months later, while moving south with the Continental Army, Kosciuszko stopped in Virginia to meet with Jefferson. After a very warm reception, the two men spent the day comparing philosophies and eventually became the best of friends.

Declaration of Independence Part 1. Colonist wonder why it was needed. Part 2. Colonist idea about Government. Part 3. Complaints. Part 4. No longer ruled by Great Britain. media type="custom" key="11890320"